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These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. It naturally contains tree resin, essential oils, waxes and bioflavonoids. Bioflavonoids are one of the most important components in propolis. Internal use: Can be used to drink or gargle, drops in half a glass of warm liquid once or twice a day. External Use: Apply to the skin where necessary using a cotton bud or piece of linen moistened with the liquid.
This salve penetrates deep into skin and may help reduce inflammation and itching caused by rash, eczema, or psoriasis. Bee propolis has natural antimicrobial properties and our Bee Propolis Salve disinfects minor cuts and burns and provides relief from bug bites and stings. Safety Information External use only. If you are allergic to bee stings or other honey bee products, please consult your physician before use. The number of dead and abnormal sperm decreased with the reduction of biomarkers of oxidative stress [ ].
Royal jelly has been traditionally used to treat menopause symptoms by rebalancing the hormonal concentration in the blood, decreasing follicle-stimulating hormones FSH and increasing the estrogen concentration in aged mice. A study showed that the changes in hormone levels resulting from royal jelly increased the amount of ovulated oocytes and their quality in aged rats [ ].
The molecular mechanisms responsible for the antiaging activity of royal jelly are shown in Figure 6. The quality of oocytes decreases with age and the depleted follicle pool hastens hormonal dysregulation. This hormonal dysfunction is responsible for the reduction in ovarian follicle size and oocyte quality.
Oxidative stress is the main cause of aging. Increased oxidative stress and continuous ovulation causes loss of antioxidants such as SOD, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase GST. It also minimizes the size of the follicle pool and oocyte quality.
Higher expression of Bax and lower expression of Bcl-2 also promote aging and reduces oocyte quality. FSH and luteinizing hormone LH are the hormones involved in the aging process. Reduction of the follicle pool size results in an inadequate release of estrogen and inhibin, which results in a rise in FSH levels.
This process then aids in the reduction of the follicle pool size and affects oocyte quality. This process promotes aging in the ovaries. This adaptation can be overcome by antiaging therapies such as supplemental consumption of royal jelly. The major active component present in royal jelly is hydroxyldecenoic acid. This compound enhances the synthesis of ovulation hormones, maintaining a lower expression of FSH and LH in young ovarian cells.
It is also efficient in preventing the depletion of follicle pool and in enhancing hormonal regulation. Thus, royal jelly helps in preventing the aging process and is an influential antiaging product [ ]. Poor mental state and performance such as in the case of Alzheimer's disease AD are mostly experienced by elderly individuals due to aging.
Royal jelly stimulates physical and mental functions for the elderly and increases their appetite and weight. A study showed that royal jelly exerted neuroprotective effects in AD [ ]. The behavioral and neurochemical effect of royal jelly was chemically examined in aged rats. The study confirmed a better cognitive performance and increased the life span in the older animals that had been given royal jelly.
Another study reported that royal jelly contains longevity-promoting factors and extends the lifespan in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans [ ]. Another study have also reported the improved mental health in human upon ingestion of royal jelly for six months [ ]. A few studies on the health benefits of royal jelly are given in Table 3. Royal jelly enhances wound-healing activity. In both in vivo and in vitro wound-healing models, under the effect of royal jelly, human fibroblasts were able to migrate and increase levels of sphingolipids by decreasing the secretion and formation of collagen.
Thus, royal jelly shortened the curing period of desquamated skin lesions [ ]. Another study on the use of royal jelly have also exhibited protective action on human skin against ultraviolet B-induced photoaging by promoting collagen production [ ]. Royal jelly dressing is also an effective way of treating diabetic foot ulcers besides standard treatments. This is due to its vasodilation effects around the affected wound, which can help to dilate the blood vessels to enhance blood flow.
It also helps to prevents infections due to its antimicrobial activities [ ]. The present review focused on the potential health benefits of bee products such as honey, propolis, and royal jelly. These products are highly rich in active components such as flavonoids, phenolic acid, phenolic compounds, terpenes, and enzymes, which have biological functions in preventing some diseases and promoting good health.
Honey, propolis, and royal jelly have distinct efficacies with significant nutritional properties and functional values. Thus, these bee products can be developed into potent apitherapeutic agents. However, some precautions need to be taken in case of allergens associated with bee products and in finding the right intake dosage. Hence, it is necessary to conduct further studies to determine the critical mechanisms related to the pharmacological activities of these bee products and the appropriate amounts that can be taken in order to obtain promising health benefits.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Oxid Med Cell Longev. Published online Jul Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Feb 17; Accepted Apr 9. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Background There are several health benefits that honeybee products such as honey, propolis, and royal jelly claim toward various types of diseases in addition to being food. Scope and Approach In this paper, the effects of honey, propolis, and royal jelly on different metabolic diseases, cancers, and other diseases have been reviewed.
Key Findings and Conclusions An overview of honey, propolis, and royal jelly and their biological potentials was highlighted. Introduction Apiculture is the science and art of prolonging, sustaining, and retaining health by using products obtained from honeybee hives, such as honey, bee bread, bee venom, bee pollen, propolis, and royal jelly.
Bioactive Compounds in Honey, Propolis, and Royal Jelly Honey, propolis, and royal jelly are highly rich in bioactive compounds Table 1. Table 1 Important bioactive compounds in honey, propolis, and royal jelly. Type of bee product Bioactive compound Chemical structure Biological activity References Propolis Phenolic compound: 2,2-dimethylprenylchromene Antimicrobial Viuda-Martos et al. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Health Benefits of Honey 4.
Wound Management Honey has traditionally been used to treat wounds, insect bites, burns, skin disorders, sores, and boils. Pediatric Care Honey also controls skin damage near stomas, such as ileostomy and colostomy, by enhancing epithelialization of the afflicted skin surface [ 44 ].
Gastrointestinal GI Disorder Natural honey is composed of enzymes that facilitate the absorption of molecules, such as sugars and starch. Oral Health Honey is useful for the treatment of many oral diseases, including periodontal disease, stomatitis, and halitosis.
Pharyngitis and Coughs Pharyngitis, commonly known as sore throat, is an acute infection induced by Streptococcus spp. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD is a mucosal infection caused by contents of abnormal gastric reflux into the esophagus and even the lungs. Dyspepsia, Gastritis, and Peptic Ulcer Dyspepsia is a chronic disease in which the GI organs, mainly the stomach and first part of the small intestine, function abnormally. Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis, known as stomach or gastric flu, causes inflammation of the digestive tract.
Constipation and Diarrhea Chronic constipation is a common and multifarious illness characterized by intolerable defecation irregular stools and difficult stool passage.
Liver and Pancreatic Diseases Honey helps to soothe pain, balance liver systems, and neutralize toxins. Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health Natural wild honey exerts cardioprotective and therapeutic impacts against epinephrine-induced cardiac disorders and vasomotor dysfunctions.
Cancer and Oncogenesis 4. Breast Cancer Imbalance in estrogen signaling pathways and propagating levels of estrogens have important roles in breast cancer growth and propagation [ 83 ]. Colorectal Cancer Most colorectal cancers begin as a polyp, which generally starts on the inner lining of the colon or rectum and grows towards the center. Figure 2. Health Benefits of Propolis 5.
Gastrointestinal Disorder Infection with parasites usually occurs upon contact with an infected surface. Figure 3. Oral Health The oral cavity has an abundant bacterial microflora and excessive bacterial growth may lead to several conditions such as oral diseases. Oncological Treatment A study reported that propolis has potential towards human breast cancer treatment due to its antitumor activity by inducing apoptosis on human breast cancer cells.
Dermatological Care Propolis is widely used in dermatological products such as creams and ointments. Figure 4. Molecular mechanism targeting wound-healing activity of propolis. Table 2 Selected propolis activities according to the health benefits. Health Benefits of Royal Jelly Royal jelly is one of the honey bee products which have potential towards various human disease treatments. Figure 5. Reproductive Health A randomized clinical study has reported that royal jelly is effective in reducing premenstrual syndrome [ ].
Figure 6. Molecular mechanism responsible for the antiaging activity of royal jelly. Neurodegenerative and Aging Diseases Poor mental state and performance such as in the case of Alzheimer's disease AD are mostly experienced by elderly individuals due to aging. Table 3 Reports on health benefits of royal jelly. Wound Healing Royal jelly enhances wound-healing activity.
Conclusion and Future Prospects The present review focused on the potential health benefits of bee products such as honey, propolis, and royal jelly. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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